Mobility is a key factor in urban life and transport network plays a vital role in mobility. Worse transport network having less mobility is one of the key reasons to decline the living standard in any unplanned mega city. Transport mobility enhancement in an unplanned mega city is always challenging due to various constraints including complex design and high cost involvement. The aim of this thesis is to enhance transport mobility in a megacity introducing a bicycle lane. To design the bicycle lane natural Physarum, brainless single celled multi-nucleated protist, is studied and modified for better optimization. Recently Physarum inspired techniques are drawn significant attention to the construction of effective networks. Exiting Physarum inspired models effectively and efficiently solves different problems including transport network design and modification and implication for bicycle lane is the unique contribution of this study. Central area of Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, is considered to analyze and design the bicycle lane network bypassing primary roads.

Bio-inspired computing focuses on extracting computational models for problem solving from in-depth understanding of behaviour and mechanisms of biological systems. In recent years, cellular computational models based on the structure and the processes of living cells, such as bacterial colonies [43] and viral models [23] have become an important line of research in bio-inspired computing. Physarum-computing, as an example of cellular computing model, has attracted the attention of many researchers [84]. Physarum polycephalum (Physarum for short) is an example of plasmodial slime moulds that are classified as a fungus "Myxomycetes" [21]. In recent years, research on Physarum-inspired computing has become more popular since Nakagaki et al. (2000) performed their well-known experiments showing that Physarum was able to find the shortest route through a maze [57]. Recent research has confirmed the ability of Physarum-inspired algorithms to solve a wide range of problems [103, 78]. Physarum can be modelled as a reaction-diffusion system (cytoplasmic liquid) encapsulated in an elastic growing membrane of actin-myosin cytoskeleton [2].

One of the oldest problems in computer science was just solved by a single cell. A group of researchers from Tokyo's Keio University set out to use an amoeba to solve the Traveling Salesman Problem, a famous problem in computer science. The problem works like this: imagine you're a traveling salesman flying from city to city selling your wares. You're concerned about maximizing your efficiency to make as much money as possible, so you want to find the shortest path that will let you hit every city on your route. There's no simple mathematical formula to find the most efficient route for our salesman.

The plasmodium feeds on microscopic food particles, including microbial life forms. The plasmodium placed in an environment with distributed nutrients develops a network of protoplasmic tubes spanning the nutrients' sources. Te topology of the plasmodium's protoplasmic network optimizes the plasmodium's harvesting on the scattered sources of nutrients and makes more efficient flow and transport of intracellular components [8,9,10,11]. The plasmodium is capable for approximation of shortest path [10], computation of planar proximity graphs [2] and plane tessellations [13], primitive memory [12], basic logical computing [15], and control of robot navigation[16]. The plasmodium can be considered as a general-purpose computer because the plasmodium simulates Kolmogorov-Uspenskii machine -- the storage modification machine operating on a colored set of graph nodes [1]. Preprint submitted to Elsevier Science 17 May 2014 The paper is structured as follows. In Sect. 2 we introduce the experimental gates invented in [15] and reinterpret the gates as multi-output logical gates.

Andrew Adamatzky Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom and Bristol Robotics Laboratory, Bristol, United Kingdom andrew.adamatzky@uwe.ac.uk Abstract Plasmodium of Physarym polycephalum is an ideal biological substrate for implementing concurrent and parallel computation, including combinatorial geometry and optimization on graphs. We report results of scoping experiments on Physarum computing in conditions of minimal friction, on the water surface. We show that plasmodium of Physarum is capable for computing a basic spanning trees and manipulating of lightweight objects. We speculate that our results pave the pathways towards design and implementation of amorphous biological robots. Key words: biological computing, amorphous robots, unconventional computation, amoeba Introduction Plasmodium, the vegetative stage of slime mould Physarum polycephalum, is a single cell, with thousands of diploid nuclei, formed when individual flagellated cells or amoebas of Physarum polycephalum swarm together and fuse.